Let’s talk about money, data, and platform-dependent cultural production

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24137/raeic.12.24.1

Keywords:

platforms, cultural production, political economy, streaming, mobile games

Abstract

This essay investigates the political economy of platform-dependent cultural production, focusing on music streaming, mobile games, and short-form video. While platforms still present themselves as democratizing tools, access to the means of production is decoupled from equitable opportunities for distribution, marketing, and monetization. The essay walks through studies that discuss this dynamic such as researchers counting songs on Spotify playlists, app store revenues, or using large-scale datasets of views on TikTok. The old blockbuster logic is alive and well, whether in 30-second TikTok clips or mobile games that rake in millions. To conceptualize these examples, the essay advances the heuristic of ‘platform dependency.’ By situating these patterns within longer histories of digitization, the essay underscores continuities alongside novel platform-specific asymmetries. It ends with a call for renewed scholarly attention to the flow of money and data across geographies and media industry sectors.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

  • David B. Nieborg, University of Toronto (UTORONTO)

    David B. Nieborg es Catedrático de Estudios de los Medios en la Universidad de Toronto. Es Senior Fellow en Massey College y miembro afiliado del Schwartz Reisman Institute. Ha sido investigador asociado en el Jackman Humanities Institute y en el Institute for Advanced Study de Princeton. Anteriormente ha estado vinculado al MIT, la Universidad Tecnológica de Queensland, la Universidad China de Hong Kong, la Universidad de Utrecht y la Universidad de Ámsterdam. David ha publicado sobre la industria del videojuego, la economía de las aplicaciones y las plataformas, y el periodismo de videojuegos en revistas académicas como New Media & Society, Social Media + Society, Internet Policy Review y Media, Culture & Society. Es coautor de Platforms and Cultural Production (Polity, 2021), traducido al italiano y al chino, y de Mainstreaming and Game Journalism (MIT Press, 2023).

References

Bärtl, M. (2018). YouTube channels, uploads and views: A statistical analysis of the past 10 years. Convergence, 24(1), 16–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856517736979

Benkler, Y. (2006). The wealth of networks how social production transforms markets and freedom. Yale University Press.

Bresnahan, T. F., Davis, J. P., & Yin, P.-L. (2014). Economic value creation in mobile applications. In A. B. Jaffe & B. F. Jones (Eds.), The changing frontier: Rethinking science and innovation policy (pp. 233–286). University of Chicago Press.

Bruns, A. (2008). Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life, and beyond: From production to produsage. Peter Lang.

Craig, D. (2022). A Pedagogue’s Progress, the Cunningham Turn, and the Birth of Creator Studies. Media International Australia, 182(1), 59–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878x211043898

Cristofari, G. (2024). Understanding the “platform” keyword: An inquiry on the contested use of metaphors in platform studies. Platforms & Society, 1, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/29768624241285294

Duffy, B. E. (2017). (Not) Getting Paid to Do what You Love: Gender, Social Media, and Aspirational Work. Yale University Press.

Elberse, A. (2013). Blockbusters: Hit-making, risk-taking, and the big business of entertainment. Henry Holt.

Gallego, J. I. (2021). The value of sound: Datafication of the sound industries in the age of surveillance and platform capitalism. First Monday, 26(7). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v26i7.10302

Gawer, A. (2022). Digital platforms and ecosystems: Remarks on the dominant organizational forms of the digital age. Innovation: Organization and Management, 24(1), 110–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/14479338.2021.1965888

Herbert, D., Lotz, A. D., & Punathambekar, A. (2020). Media Industry Studies. Polity.

Hesmondhalgh, D. (2021). Is music streaming bad for musicians? Problems of evidence and argument. New Media & Society, 23(12), 3593–3615. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820953541

Hroch, M., & Szczepanik, P. (2025). Playlisting the periphery: Platform intermediaries and East-Central European music visibility in Spotify’s geography. New Media & Society. Online First. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448251346200

Jia, L., Nieborg, D. B., & Poell, T. (2022). On super apps and app stores: Digital media logics in China’s app economy. Media, Culture & Society, 44(8), 1437–1453. https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437221128937

John, N. A. (2016). The age of sharing. Polity.

Jokubauskaitė, E., & Peeters, S. (2025). Visibility in the shadows: Tips in mainstream versus alternative streaming on Chaturbate. New Media & Society. Online First. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448251336422

Joseph, D., Nieborg, D., & Young, C. J. (2023). One big store: Source diversity and value capture of digital games in national app store instances. International Journal of Communication, 17, 7246–7264. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/21476

Kaye, D. B. V., Zeng, J., & Wikstrom, P. (2022). TikTok: Creativity and Culture in Short Video. Polity.

Leaver, T., Highfield, T., & Abidin, C. (2020). Instagram: Visual Social Media Cultures. Polity.

Lotz, A., & Havens, T. (2024). Media Industries in the Digital Age: How Media Businesses Work Today. Polity.

Mirrlees, T. (2013). Global entertainment media: Between cultural imperialism and cultural globalization. Routledge.

Mukherjee, R. (2019). Jio sparks Disruption 2.0: Infrastructural imaginaries and platform ecosystems in ‘Digital India’. Media, Culture & Society, 41(2), 175–195. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443718818383

Nieborg, D. B. (2015). Crushing Candy: The free-to-play game in its connective commodity form. Social Media + Society, 1(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305115621932

Nieborg, D. B., Young, C. J., & Joseph, D. J. (2020). App Imperialism: The Political Economy of the Canadian App Store. Social Media + Society, 6(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120933293

Paisana, M., Cardoso, G., & Couraceiro, P. (2024). Platforms as audio discovery ecosystems: What Spotify’s podcast rankings tell us about the way platforms appropriate the format. Communication & Society, 91–106. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.37.4.91-106

Pilati, F., Sacco, P. L., Scianna, M., & Artime, O. (2025). The broadcasting trap: TikTok and the “democratization” of digital content production. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 12(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-04797-w

Poell, T., Duffy, B. E., Nieborg, D. B., Mutsvairo, B., Tse, T., Arriagada, A., de Kloet, J., & Sun, P. (2025). Global perspectives on platforms and cultural production. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 28(1), 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/13678779241292736

Poell, T., Nieborg, D. B., & Dijck, J. van. (2019). Platformisation. Internet Policy Review, 8(4). https://policyreview.info/concepts/platformisation

Poell, T., Nieborg, D. B., & Duffy, B. E. (2021). Platforms and Cultural Production. Polity.

Rietveld, J., Ploog, J. N., & Nieborg, D. B. (2020). The coevolution of platform dominance and governance strategies: Effects on complementor performance outcomes. Academy of Management Discoveries, 6(3), 488–513. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3615719

Sotamaa, O., Švelch, J. (Eds.), 2021. Game Production Studies, Game Production Studies. Amsterdam University Press.

Srnicek, N. (2017). Platform capitalism. Polity.

Sullivan, J. L. (2024). Podcasting in a Platform Age: From an Amateur to a Professional Medium. Bloomsbury.

Van Dijck, J. (2013). The Culture of Connectivity. Oxford University Press.

van Dijck, J., & Nieborg, D. B. (2009). Wikinomics and its discontents: A critical analysis of Web 2.0 business manifestos. New Media & Society, 11(5), 855–874. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809105356

Zendle, D., Flick, C., Deterding, S., Cutting, J., Gordon-Petrovskaya, E., & Drachen, A. (2023). The Many Faces of Monetisation: Understanding the Diversity and Extremity of Player Spending in Mobile Games via Massive-scale Transactional Analysis. Games: Research and Practice, 1(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1145/3582927

Published

2025-10-31

How to Cite

Let’s talk about money, data, and platform-dependent cultural production. (2025). Revista De La Asociación Española De Investigación De La Comunicación, 12(24), raeic122401. https://doi.org/10.24137/raeic.12.24.1