Let’s talk about money, data, and platform-dependent cultural production
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24137/raeic.12.24.1Keywords:
platforms, cultural production, political economy, streaming, mobile gamesAbstract
This essay investigates the political economy of platform-dependent cultural production, focusing on music streaming, mobile games, and short-form video. While platforms still present themselves as democratizing tools, access to the means of production is decoupled from equitable opportunities for distribution, marketing, and monetization. The essay walks through studies that discuss this dynamic such as researchers counting songs on Spotify playlists, app store revenues, or using large-scale datasets of views on TikTok. The old blockbuster logic is alive and well, whether in 30-second TikTok clips or mobile games that rake in millions. To conceptualize these examples, the essay advances the heuristic of ‘platform dependency.’ By situating these patterns within longer histories of digitization, the essay underscores continuities alongside novel platform-specific asymmetries. It ends with a call for renewed scholarly attention to the flow of money and data across geographies and media industry sectors.
Downloads
References
Bärtl, M. (2018). YouTube channels, uploads and views: A statistical analysis of the past 10 years. Convergence, 24(1), 16–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856517736979
Benkler, Y. (2006). The wealth of networks how social production transforms markets and freedom. Yale University Press.
Bresnahan, T. F., Davis, J. P., & Yin, P.-L. (2014). Economic value creation in mobile applications. In A. B. Jaffe & B. F. Jones (Eds.), The changing frontier: Rethinking science and innovation policy (pp. 233–286). University of Chicago Press.
Bruns, A. (2008). Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life, and beyond: From production to produsage. Peter Lang.
Craig, D. (2022). A Pedagogue’s Progress, the Cunningham Turn, and the Birth of Creator Studies. Media International Australia, 182(1), 59–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878x211043898
Cristofari, G. (2024). Understanding the “platform” keyword: An inquiry on the contested use of metaphors in platform studies. Platforms & Society, 1, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/29768624241285294
Duffy, B. E. (2017). (Not) Getting Paid to Do what You Love: Gender, Social Media, and Aspirational Work. Yale University Press.
Elberse, A. (2013). Blockbusters: Hit-making, risk-taking, and the big business of entertainment. Henry Holt.
Gallego, J. I. (2021). The value of sound: Datafication of the sound industries in the age of surveillance and platform capitalism. First Monday, 26(7). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v26i7.10302
Gawer, A. (2022). Digital platforms and ecosystems: Remarks on the dominant organizational forms of the digital age. Innovation: Organization and Management, 24(1), 110–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/14479338.2021.1965888
Herbert, D., Lotz, A. D., & Punathambekar, A. (2020). Media Industry Studies. Polity.
Hesmondhalgh, D. (2021). Is music streaming bad for musicians? Problems of evidence and argument. New Media & Society, 23(12), 3593–3615. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820953541
Hroch, M., & Szczepanik, P. (2025). Playlisting the periphery: Platform intermediaries and East-Central European music visibility in Spotify’s geography. New Media & Society. Online First. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448251346200
Jia, L., Nieborg, D. B., & Poell, T. (2022). On super apps and app stores: Digital media logics in China’s app economy. Media, Culture & Society, 44(8), 1437–1453. https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437221128937
John, N. A. (2016). The age of sharing. Polity.
Jokubauskaitė, E., & Peeters, S. (2025). Visibility in the shadows: Tips in mainstream versus alternative streaming on Chaturbate. New Media & Society. Online First. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448251336422
Joseph, D., Nieborg, D., & Young, C. J. (2023). One big store: Source diversity and value capture of digital games in national app store instances. International Journal of Communication, 17, 7246–7264. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/21476
Kaye, D. B. V., Zeng, J., & Wikstrom, P. (2022). TikTok: Creativity and Culture in Short Video. Polity.
Leaver, T., Highfield, T., & Abidin, C. (2020). Instagram: Visual Social Media Cultures. Polity.
Lotz, A., & Havens, T. (2024). Media Industries in the Digital Age: How Media Businesses Work Today. Polity.
Mirrlees, T. (2013). Global entertainment media: Between cultural imperialism and cultural globalization. Routledge.
Mukherjee, R. (2019). Jio sparks Disruption 2.0: Infrastructural imaginaries and platform ecosystems in ‘Digital India’. Media, Culture & Society, 41(2), 175–195. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443718818383
Nieborg, D. B. (2015). Crushing Candy: The free-to-play game in its connective commodity form. Social Media + Society, 1(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305115621932
Nieborg, D. B., Young, C. J., & Joseph, D. J. (2020). App Imperialism: The Political Economy of the Canadian App Store. Social Media + Society, 6(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120933293
Paisana, M., Cardoso, G., & Couraceiro, P. (2024). Platforms as audio discovery ecosystems: What Spotify’s podcast rankings tell us about the way platforms appropriate the format. Communication & Society, 91–106. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.37.4.91-106
Pilati, F., Sacco, P. L., Scianna, M., & Artime, O. (2025). The broadcasting trap: TikTok and the “democratization” of digital content production. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 12(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-04797-w
Poell, T., Duffy, B. E., Nieborg, D. B., Mutsvairo, B., Tse, T., Arriagada, A., de Kloet, J., & Sun, P. (2025). Global perspectives on platforms and cultural production. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 28(1), 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/13678779241292736
Poell, T., Nieborg, D. B., & Dijck, J. van. (2019). Platformisation. Internet Policy Review, 8(4). https://policyreview.info/concepts/platformisation
Poell, T., Nieborg, D. B., & Duffy, B. E. (2021). Platforms and Cultural Production. Polity.
Rietveld, J., Ploog, J. N., & Nieborg, D. B. (2020). The coevolution of platform dominance and governance strategies: Effects on complementor performance outcomes. Academy of Management Discoveries, 6(3), 488–513. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3615719
Sotamaa, O., Švelch, J. (Eds.), 2021. Game Production Studies, Game Production Studies. Amsterdam University Press.
Srnicek, N. (2017). Platform capitalism. Polity.
Sullivan, J. L. (2024). Podcasting in a Platform Age: From an Amateur to a Professional Medium. Bloomsbury.
Van Dijck, J. (2013). The Culture of Connectivity. Oxford University Press.
van Dijck, J., & Nieborg, D. B. (2009). Wikinomics and its discontents: A critical analysis of Web 2.0 business manifestos. New Media & Society, 11(5), 855–874. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809105356
Zendle, D., Flick, C., Deterding, S., Cutting, J., Gordon-Petrovskaya, E., & Drachen, A. (2023). The Many Faces of Monetisation: Understanding the Diversity and Extremity of Player Spending in Mobile Games via Massive-scale Transactional Analysis. Games: Research and Practice, 1(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1145/3582927
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 David B. Nieborg

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.



