Rethinking the concept of audience activity in the digital age
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24137/raeic.6.12.12Keywords:
audiences, reception, encoding/decoding, new mediaAbstract
Spreading of ICTs is a chance for the development of an active participation of audiences. The idea of activity formulated by the canonical coding/decoding model can be adapted to the new types of interactivity generated in the digital world. In this sense, Hall's proposal has explanatory validity, but it faces methodological challenges that question audience studies in the digital age. This paper tries to deepen on how the concept of activity of the audience is working nowadays, focusing on the empirical dimension of this approach. That is relevant in a current society that experiences continuously mediated processes. To this end, a critical review is carried out on the operability of the coding/decoding model, as well as on the implications of an active audience for deviance studies, especially in the digital context. In conclusion, it can be noted that the interactivity of the cybermedia mixes with the steps of reception defined by Hall —dominant, negotiated and opposite—, allowing the discovery of political implications in digital media. This epistemological guide is very useful for products such as transmedia.Downloads
References
Adorno, T. W. y Horkheimer, M. (1974). La industria cultural. En D. Bell; D. MacDonald; E. Shils; M. Horkheimer; T. W. Adorno; P. F. Lazarsfeld y R. K. Merton (eds.), Industria cultural y sociedad de masas. Caracas: Monte Ávila.
Anderson, C. (2006). The long tail: Why the future of business is selling less of more. Nueva York: Hyperion. Recuperado de http://dl.motamem.org/long_tail_chris_anderson_motamem_org.pdf
Ang, I. (1991). Desperately Seeking the Audience. Londres: Routledge.
Ang, I. (1995). Living Room Wars. Rethinking Media Audiences for a Postmodern World. Londres: Routledge.
Alonso Alonso, M. M. (2011). Televisión, audiencias y estudios culturales: reconceptualización de las audiencias mediáticas. Razón y palabra, 75, 1-25. Recuperado de http://www.razonypalabra.org.mx/N/N75/monotematico_75/04_Alonso_M75.pdf
Bauman, R. (1999). Modernidad líquida. Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Bergillos García, I. (2016). Participación de la audiencia y televisión en la era digital. Propuesta de análisis y evolución de las invitaciones a la participación en la TDT y en otras plataformas (Tesis doctoral). Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona. Recuperado de https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/tesis/2015/hdl_10803_308326/ibg1de.pdf
Bimber, B. (2014). Digital media in the Obama campaigns of 2008 and 2012: Adaptation to the personalized political communication environment. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 11(2), 130-150. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2014.895691
Blumler, J. G. y Kavanagh, D. (1999). The Third Age of political communication: Influences and features. Political Communication, 16(3), 209-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/105846099198596
Boczkowski, P. J. (2010). News at work: Imitation in an age of information abundance. Chicago: University of Chicago Presss.
Bolin, G. (2014). The Death of the Mass Audience Reconsidered: From Mass Communication to Mass Personalisation. En S. Eichner y E. Prommer (eds.), Fernsehen: Europäische Perspectiven (pp. 159-172). Constanza y Münich: UVK.
Bouza, F. (2002). Innovación tecnológica y cambio social. En X. Pérez Vilariño y X. M. Bouzada (coords.), Las encrucijadas del cambio social: homenaje al profesor José Luis Sequeiro Tizón (pp. 85-97). Vigo: Universidade de Vigo, Servizo de Publicacións.
Buckingham, D. (2013). Representing Audiences: Audience Research, Public Knowledge, and Policy. The Communication Review, 16, 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714421.2013.757487
Callejo Gallego, J. (1995). La audiencia activa. El consumo televisivo: discursos y estrategias. Madrid: CIS-Siglo XXI.
Callejo Gallego, J. (2013). Tiempo dedicado a los medios de comunicación por los jóvenes y los adolescentes: análisis de las diferencias. Communication & Society, 26(2), 1-26. Recuperado de http://dadun.unav.edu/bitstream/10171/35449/1/20130411123003.pdf
Das, R. (2017). Audiences: a decade of transformations - reflections from the CEDAR network on emerging directions in audience analysis. Media, Culture & Society, 39(8), 1257-1267. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443717717632
Davis, C. H. (2013). Audience Value and Transmedia Products. En T. Storsul y A. Krumsvik (eds.), Media Innovations (pp. 175-190). Gotemburgo: Nordicom.
Fiske, J. (1982). Introduction to Communication Studies. Londres: Methuen.
Fiske, J. (1987). Television Culture. Londres: Methuen.
Giddens, A. (1984). The Constitution of Society. Cambrige: Polity Press.
Gómez Mompart, J. L.; Gutiérrez Lozano, J. y Palau Sampio, D. (2015). La calidad periodística en España según la percepción de los periodistas. Estudios sobre el mensaje periodístico, 21 (1), 13-30. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_ESMP.2015.v21.50647
Green, J. y Jenkins, H. (2011). Spreadable Media: How audiences create value and meaning in a networked economy. En V. Nightingale (ed.), The Handbook of Media Audiences (pp. 109-127). Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444340525.ch5
Hall, S. (1980). Encoding/decoding. En S. Hall et al. (comps.), Culture, Media, Language. Londres: Hutchinson.
Hall, S. y Jefferson, T. (comps.) (1975). Resistance Through Rituals: youth subcultures in post-war Britain. Londres y Birmingham: Hutchinson y CCCS.
Hermes, J.; Van den Berg, A. y Mol, M. (2013). Sleeping with the enemy: Audience studies and critical literacy. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 16(5), 457-473. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877912474547
Jenkins, H. (2010). Piratas de textos. Barcelona: Paidós.
Katz, E. y Lazarsfeld, P. F. (1955). Personal influence: The part played by people in the flow of mass communications. Glencoe: Free Press.
Lanham, R. (2006). The economics of attention: Style and substance in the age of information. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lasswell, H. D. (1982). Estructura y función de la comunicación en la sociedad. En Moragas, M. (comp.), Sociología de la comunicación de masas. Barcelona: Gustavo Gili.
Lievrouw, L. A. y Livingstone, S. (2006). Introduction to the updated student edition. En L. A. Lievrouw y S. Livingstone (eds.), Handbook of new media: Social shaping and social consequences of ICTs (pp. 1-14). Londres: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781848608245.n1
Livingstone, S. (2004). The Challenge of Changing Audiences. Or, What is the Audience Researcher to do in the Age of the Internet? European Journal of Communication, 19(1), 75-86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323104040695
Livingstone, S. (2013). The Participation Paradigm in Audience Research. The Communication Review, 16, 21-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714421.2013.757174
McCombs, M. (2012). Civic Osmosis: The Social Impact of Media. Communication & Society, 25(1), 7-14. Recuperado de http://dadun.unav.edu/bitstream/10171/27355/1/McCOMBS.pdf
Merton, R. K. (1980). Ambivalencias sociológicas y otros ensayos. Madrid: Espasa Calpe.
Morley, D. (1980). The “Nationwide” Audience. Londres: British Film Institute.
Nightingale, V. (1999). El estudio de las audiencias. El impacto de lo real. Barcelona: Paidós.
Prado, E. (2017). El audiovisual online over the top: el futuro del audiovisual europeo y español. En E. Bustamante (coord.), Informe sobre el estado de la cultura en España 2017: igualdad y diversidad en la era digital (pp. 127-144). Madrid: Fundación Alternativas. Recuperado de http://interaccio.diba.cat/sites/interaccio.diba.cat/files/informe_sobre_el_estado_de_la_cultura_2017.pdf
Quintas Froufe, N. y González Neira, A. (coord.) (2015). La participación de la audiencia en la televisión: de la audiencia activa a la social. Madrid: AIMC. Recuperado de https://www.aimc.es/a1mc-c0nt3nt/uploads/2017/05/2016_01participacion_audiencia_tv.pdf
Rasmussen, T. (2007). Nettverksintegrasjon og personlige medier. En M. Lüders; L. Pröitz y T. Rasmussen (eds.), Personlige medier: Livet mellom skjermene (pp. 247-269). Oslo: Gyldendal.
Schrøder, K. C. (2019). Audience Reception Research in a Post-broadcasting Digital Age. Television & New Media, 20(2), 155-169. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476418811114
Scolari, C. A. (2013). Narrativas transmedia. Cuando todos los medios cuentan. Barcelona: Deusto.
Shannon, C. E. y Weaver, W. (1949). The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
Shaw, A. (2017). Encoding and decoding affordances: Stuart Hall and interactive media technologies. Media, Culture & Society, 39(4), 592-602. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443717692741
Sless, D. (1986). In Search of Semiotics. Londres: Croom Helm.
Sunstein, C. R. (2007). Republic.com 2.0. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Webster, J. G. y Ksiazek, T. B. (2012). The Dynamics of Audience Fragmentation: Public Attention in an Age of Digital Media. Journal of Communication, 62, 39-56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01616.x
Williams, R. (1981). Culture. Glasgow: Fontana.



